Access to primary healthcare services for adults with disabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean: a review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

PURPOSE: This review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies aims to provide an overview of qualitative evidence on primary healthcare access of people with disability in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as to identify barriers that exist in this region. METHODS: Six databases were searched for studies from 2000 to 2022. 34 qualitative studies were identified. RESULTS: Barriers exist on both demand and supply sides. The thematic synthesis process generated three broad overarching analytical themes, which authors have related to Levesque et al.'s aspects of "ability to perceive," "availability, accommodation and ability to reach" and "appropriateness and ability to engage." Access to information and health literacy are compromised due to a lack of tailored health education materials. Barriers in the urban environment, including inadequate transportation, and insufficient healthcare facility accessibility create challenges for people with disabilities to reach healthcare facilities independently. Attitudinal barriers contribute to suboptimal care experiences. CONCLUSION: People with disabilities face several barriers in accessing healthcare. Lack of healthcare provider training, inappropriate urban infrastructure, lack of accessible transport and inaccessibility in healthcare centers are barriers that need to be addressed. With these actions, people with disabilities will be closer to having their rights met.

The identification of barriers on both the supply and demand sides highlights implications for individuals with disabilities seeking access to primary healthcare services, primarily in Brazil, with similar concerns noted in Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago.Service providers should enhance access to people with disabilities by providing accessible information and reasonable accommodation for people with disabilities.More training of healthcare professionals is required to support the provision of care for people with disabilities.There is a need to improve healthcare centre accessibility, as well as local infrastructure and transportation to prevent people with disabilities from having their rights violated.Linkages should be strengthened between sectors like transportation, urban development, and health to enhance overall accessibility and prevent violations of the rights of individuals with disabilities.

Hearing screening using the uHear™ smartphone-based app: reproducibility of results from two response modes. / Triagem auditiva com o aplicativo para dispositivos móveis uHear™: reprodutibilidade dos resultados utilizando dois diferentes modos de resposta.

PURPOSE: Estimate the reproducibility of hearing screening results using the uHear™ smartphone-based app in two response modes: self-test response and test-operator. METHODS: Reliability study conducted with 65 individuals aged ≥18 years assisted at the Speech-language and Hearing Therapy clinic of a public higher-education institution. Hearing screening was conducted by a single researcher using the uHear app and earbud headphones in a soundproof booth. Participants responded to sound stimuli in both self-test response mode and test-operator mode. The order in which these two uHear test modes were applied was altered according to the entrance of each participant in the study. The correspondence between the hearing thresholds obtained from each response mode was analyzed and their Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was estimated. RESULTS: A correspondence of ±5 dBHL >75% was observed between these hearing thresholds. The ICC values showed excellent agreement between the two response modes at all frequencies >40 dBHL tested. CONCLUSION: The two hearing screening response modes using the uHear app presented high reproducibility, suggesting that the test-operator mode is a viable alternative when the self-test response mode is not recommended.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a reprodutibilidade dos resultados da triagem auditiva com o aplicativo uHear, utilizando dois diferentes modos de resposta, o modo autoaplicado e o modo com intermediação do pesquisador. MÉTODO: Estudo de confiabilidade realizado com 65 indivíduos, maiores de 18 anos, que compareceram à clínica escola de Fonoaudiologia de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. A triagem auditiva foi realizada com o aplicativo uHear, em cabina acústica, utilizando fone intra-auricular e conduzida sempre pelo mesmo pesquisador. Os participantes responderam ao estímulo sonoro de maneira autoaplicada e com intermediação do pesquisador. A ordem de realização dos dois modos de resposta ao aplicativo uHear foi alternada de acordo com a entrada do participante no estudo. Foi analisada a correspondência entre os limiares auditivos obtidos com os dois modos de resposta, bem como estimado o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se uma correspondência de ± 5 dBNA superior a 75% entre os limiares auditivos obtidos nos dois modos de resposta. O ICC revelou concordância excelente entre os dois modos de resposta, em todas as frequências testadas, para intensidades superiores a 40 dBNA. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois modos de resposta à triagem auditiva com o aplicativo uHear apresentam elevada reprodutibilidade, o que permite indicar o modo de resposta com intermediação do pesquisador como uma alternativa viável quando o modo autoaplicado não for recomendado.

Triagem auditiva com o aplicativo para dispositivos móveis uHear™: reprodutibilidade dos resultados utilizando dois diferentes modos de resposta / Hearing screening using the uHear™ smartphone-based app: reproducibility of results from two response modes

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a reprodutibilidade dos resultados da triagem auditiva com o aplicativo uHear, utilizando dois diferentes modos de resposta, o modo autoaplicado e o modo com intermediação do pesquisador. Método Estudo de confiabilidade realizado com 65 indivíduos, maiores de 18 anos, que compareceram à clínica escola de Fonoaudiologia de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. A triagem auditiva foi realizada com o aplicativo uHear, em cabina acústica, utilizando fone intra-auricular e conduzida sempre pelo mesmo pesquisador. Os participantes responderam ao estímulo sonoro de maneira autoaplicada e com intermediação do pesquisador. A ordem de realização dos dois modos de resposta ao aplicativo uHear foi alternada de acordo com a entrada do participante no estudo. Foi analisada a correspondência entre os limiares auditivos obtidos com os dois modos de resposta, bem como estimado o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Resultados Verificou-se uma correspondência de ± 5 dBNA superior a 75% entre os limiares auditivos obtidos nos dois modos de resposta. O ICC revelou concordância excelente entre os dois modos de resposta, em todas as frequências testadas, para intensidades superiores a 40 dBNA. Conclusão Os dois modos de resposta à triagem auditiva com o aplicativo uHear apresentam elevada reprodutibilidade, o que permite indicar o modo de resposta com intermediação do pesquisador como uma alternativa viável quando o modo autoaplicado não for recomendado.

ABSTRACT Purpose Estimate the reproducibility of hearing screening results using the uHear™ smartphone-based app in two response modes: self-test response and test-operator. Methods Reliability study conducted with 65 individuals aged ≥18 years assisted at the Speech-language and Hearing Therapy clinic of a public higher-education institution. Hearing screening was conducted by a single researcher using the uHear app and earbud headphones in a soundproof booth. Participants responded to sound stimuli in both self-test response mode and test-operator mode. The order in which these two uHear test modes were applied was altered according to the entrance of each participant in the study. The correspondence between the hearing thresholds obtained from each response mode was analyzed and their Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was estimated. Results A correspondence of ±5 dBHL >75% was observed between these hearing thresholds. The ICC values showed excellent agreement between the two response modes at all frequencies >40 dBHL tested. Conclusion The two hearing screening response modes using the uHear app presented high reproducibility, suggesting that the test-operator mode is a viable alternative when the self-test response mode is not recommended.

Factors related to the performance of elderly people in temporal ordering tests. / Fatores associados ao desempenho de idosos nos testes de ordenação temporal.

PURPOSE: To describe the performance of elderly individuals in Pitch Pattern Sequence (PPS) and Duration Pattern Sequence (DPS) tests and research related factors. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study conducted with elderly people aged 60 to 79 years. The participants underwent cognitive screening tests, interviews containing socio-demographic data and general health, as well as audiologic evaluation and temporal auditory processing (PPS and DPS) evaluation tests. A descriptive analysis of the association between the performance in temporal processing and the variables gender, age, level of education and audiometric alterations was conducted through multiple linear regression. RESULTS: 86 elderly people participated in the study, most of them female, with ages between 60 and 69. Male participants performed better in both tests as well as the participants with higher education, whereas no difference in performance was observed across the different age ranges. In the DPS, the participants with auditory alteration performed worse in relation to the ones with average frequencies of 0.5 to 4 kHz. CONCLUSION: The male gender and higher level of education were associated with better results in the temporal ordering tests, whereas auditory alteration was associated with worse performance only in the pitch pattern sequence test.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores associados e descrever o desempenho no teste padrão de frequência e teste padrão de duração em idosos. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, seccional, conduzido com idosos de 60 a 79 anos. Os participantes realizaram teste de rastreio cognitivo, entrevista contendo dados sociodemográficos e de saúde geral, avaliação audiológica e testes de avaliação do processamento auditivo temporal (padrão de frequência e padrão de duração). Foi conduzida análise descritiva da associação entre o desempenho nos testes de processamento temporal e as variáveis: sexo, idade, nível de escolaridade e alterações audiométricas, por meio da regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 86 idosos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino, com idade entre 60 e 69 anos. O desempenho para ambos os testes foi melhor nos homens e nos idosos com maior nível de escolaridade e similar nas diferentes faixas etárias. No teste padrão de frequência, idosos com alteração auditiva apresentaram pior desempenho do que aqueles com média nas frequências de 0.5 a 4 kHz normal. CONCLUSÃO: O sexo masculino e maior nível de escolaridade estão associados ao melhor desempenho nos testes de ordenação temporal, enquanto a alteração audiométrica apresenta associação com o pior desempenho apenas no teste padrão de frequência.

Validity of hearTest Smartphone-Based Audiometry for Hearing Screening in Workers Exposed to Noise.

PURPOSE: This article investigates the validity of a smartphone-based audiometry for hearing screening to identify hearing loss in workers exposed to noise. RESEARCH DESIGN: This is a validation study comparing hearing screening with the hearTest to conventional audiometry. The study population included all workers who attended the Brazilian Social Service of Industry to undergo periodic examinations. Sensitivity, specificity, the Youden index, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for hearing screening obtained by the hearTest were estimated according to three definitions of hearing loss: any threshold greater than 25 dB hearing level (HL), the mean auditory thresholds for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz greater than 25 dB HL, and the mean thresholds for 3, 4, and 6 kHz greater than 25 dB HL. Note that 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all measurements. RESULTS: A total of 232 workers participated in the study. Hearing screening with the hearTest presented good sensitivity (93.8%), specificity (83.9%), and Youden index (77.7%) values, a NPV (97.2%), and a low PPV (69.0%) for the identification of hearing loss defined as any auditory threshold greater than 25 dB HL. For the other definitions of hearing loss, we observed high specificity, PPV and NPV, as well as low sensitivity and Youden index. CONCLUSION: The hearTest is an accurate hearing screening tool to identify hearing loss in workers exposed to noise, including those with noise-induced hearing loss, although it does not replace conventional audiometry.

Validity of hearing screening using hearTest smartphone-based audiometry: performance evaluation of different response modes.

Objective: To investigate the validity of hearing screening with hearTest smartphone-based audiometry and to specify test duration addressing the two response modes and hearing loss criteria.Design: A diagnostic accuracy study comparing hearing screening with conventional audiometry.Study sample: Three hundred and forty individuals, aged between 5-92 years.Results: Of the 340 participants, 301 undertook all test procedures (273 adults and 28 children). Sensitivity and specificity were >90% for hearTest hearing screening to identify disabling hearing loss for both response modes with adults and children. We found similar sensitivity in identifying any level of hearing loss for both response modes in children, with specificity >80%, and for the self-test mode in adults. Low specificity was observed when identifying any level of hearing loss in adults using the test-operator mode. In adults, there was a significant difference between test duration for the test-operator and self-test modes.Conclusion: Hearing screening using hearTest smartphone-based audiometry is accurate for the identification of both disabling hearing loss and any level of hearing loss in adults and children in the self-test response mode. The test-operator mode is also an option for children; however, it does not provide good accuracy in identifying mild level of hearing loss in adults.

Habilidades cognitivas e desempenho nos testes de ordenação temporal em idosos / Cognitive abilities and performance in the temporal ordering tests for elderly people

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a influência dos domínios cognitivos no desempenho do teste padrão de frequência e teste padrão de duração em idosos. Métodos estudo seccional, desenvolvido em indivíduos com idade entre 60 e 79 anos. Realizou-se entrevista, avaliação cognitiva por meio do Montreal Cognitive Assessment, avaliação audiológica periférica (audiometria tonal e vocal) e central (teste padrão de frequência e teste padrão de duração). Resultados Participaram do estudo 58 mulheres com média de idade de 66 anos e 2 meses e 28 homens, com média de idade de 68 anos e 3 meses. Verificou-se que as habilidades visuoespacial, de atenção, concentração e memória de trabalho apresentaram correlação com os testes temporais no sexo feminino e que a habilidade de linguagem apresentou correlação com o teste padrão de frequência. Já entre os homens, houve tendência à significância quanto à capacidade visuoespacial. Ademais, as mulheres apresentaram melhor desempenho na habilidade de memória. Conclusão Os aspectos cognitivos podem influenciar nos testes de ordenação temporal em indivíduos idosos, sobretudo do sexo feminino.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the influence of cognitive domains on the performance of the pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern sequence tests among elderly people. Methods Cross-study realized among individuals aged between 60 to 79 years. We performed an interview, cognitive evaluation through Montreal Cognitive Assessment, peripheral audiologic evaluation (tonal and vocal audiometry) and central (pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern sequence). Results The study involved 58 women with average age of 66.2, and 28 men at an age average of 68.3. On the one hand, we observed that the visual-spatial abilities, attention, concentration and working memory present correlation with temporal tests in females and that language ability correlates with the standard frequency test. Among men, there was a tendency to significance in terms of visual-spatial abilities. Furthermore, women had better performance in memory ability. Conclusion Cognitive aspects may influence the temporal ordering tests among elderly individuals, especially females.

Hearing alterations in systemic sclerosis. / Alterações auditivas na esclerose sistêmica.

PURPOSE: Describe hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with systemic sclerosis (SS) and to verify the development of audiological manifestations. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a prospective phase, conducted in the period from 2012 to 2015, with patients with medical diagnosis of SS. Sociodemographic data, year of disease onset, year of diagnosis and disease subtype were collected. Later, audiological anamnesis was performed to identify complaints and symptoms and to investigate the performance of audiometry before the study and, after that, a basic audiological evaluation was conducted. RESULTS: Fifty individuals participated in the study. Dizziness and tinnitus were the most frequent symptoms. Hearing loss was identified in 23 (46%) individuals; most of them were of sensorineural type, of variable degrees and configurations. The analysis of hearing thresholds obtained in the audiological evaluation performed in 2012 and, later, in 2015, indicated onset or progression of hearing loss, with aggravation of 10dB in most frequencies evaluated, being more expressive in acute frequencies. CONCLUSION: High rate of hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with SS and onset and/or progression of hearing loss in those who underwent serial audiological evaluation were observed.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica (ES), bem como verificar a evolução do quadro audiológico. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo seccional, com uma fase prospectiva, realizado no período de 2012 e 2015, com pacientes com diagnóstico médico de ES. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, ano de início da doença, ano de diagnóstico e subtipo da enfermidade. Posteriormente, foram realizadas a anamnese audiológica, para identificação de queixas e sintomas e para a investigação de realização de audiometria pregressa ao estudo, e, em seguida, a avaliação audiológica básica. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 50 indivíduos. Tontura e zumbido foram os sintomas mais frequentes. A perda auditiva foi identificada em 23 (46%) indivíduos, sendo a maioria do tipo sensorioneural, de grau e configurações variáveis. A análise dos limares auditivos obtidos na avaliação audiológica realizada em 2012 e, posteriormente, em 2015 indicou desencadeamento ou progressão da perda auditiva, com piora de 10dB na maioria das frequências avaliadas, sendo mais expressiva nas frequências agudas. CONCLUSÃO: Elevada frequência de queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com ES e desencadeamento e/ou progressão da perda auditiva naqueles que realizaram avaliação audiológica sequencial.

Effect of levodopa on cochlear mechanics and efferent auditory system of Parkinson's disease individuals. / Efeito da levodopa na mecânica coclear e no sistema auditivo eferente de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of levodopa on cochlear dynamics and on the medial olivocochlear efferent pathway of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) individuals. METHODS: Individuals with and without PD, followed at a University Hospital, were submitted to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) and DPOAE Inhibitory Effect (OAEIE) in the presence of contralateral noise. Correlation measures between DPOAE and OAEIE results with Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y) stage, daily dose of levodopa and PD diagnosis period were established. Furthermore, electroacoustic measures were compared between individuals without and those with PD, stratified by dose of levodopa daily administered. RESULTS: Weak negative correlation between DPOAE amplitude and daily dose of levodopa was found, as well positive correlations between EIEOA with daily dose of levodopa and time of PD diagnosis, respectively. Higher DPOAE amplitude was found in individuals with PD using daily doses of levodopa ≤ 600 milligrams when compared to individuals without PD and those with PD using higher doses. EIEOA was lower in individuals using doses ≤ 600 milligrams, when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Daily doses of levodopa up to 600 mg / day increase the cochlear mechanical-transducer responses in 2 and 3 kHz frequencies, while the action of olivocochlear efferent systems is reduced in this region.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da levodopa na dinâmica coclear, bem como na via eferente olivococlear medial de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson idiopática (DP). MÉTODO: Indivíduos com e sem DP, acompanhados em um hospital universitário, realizaram a pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção (EOAPD) e do efeito inibitório das EOAPD (EIEOA) na presença de ruído contralateral. Foram estabelecidas as medidas de correlação entre os resultados das EOAPD e do EIEOA com estágio Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y), dose diária de levodopa e tempo de diagnóstico da DP. Além disso, as medidas eletroacústicas foram comparadas entre os indivíduos sem DP e com DP, estratificados de acordo com a dose de levodopa administrada diariamente. RESULTADOS: Foi identificada correlação fraca e negativa entre a amplitude das EOAPD com a dose diária de levodopa e correlações positivas, de força moderada e fraca, entre o EIEOA com a dose diária de levodopa e o tempo de diagnóstico da DP, respectivamente. A amplitude das EOAPD foi maior nos indivíduos com DP em uso de levodopa ≤ 600 miligramas quando comparada à de indivíduos sem DP e com DP, em uso de dose superior. Já o EIEOA foi menor nos indivíduos em uso de doses ≤ 600 miligramas, quando comparado aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Doses diárias de levodopa iguais ou inferiores a 600 mg/dia aumentam as respostas mecanotransdutoras cocleares nas frequências de 2 e 3 kHz, enquanto que a ação dos sistemas eferentes olivococleares é reduzida nesta região.

Efeito da levodopa na mecânica coclear e no sistema auditivo eferente de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson / Effect of levodopa on cochlear mechanics and efferent auditory system of Parkinson's disease individuals

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o efeito da levodopa na dinâmica coclear, bem como na via eferente olivococlear medial de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson idiopática (DP). Método Indivíduos com e sem DP, acompanhados em um hospital universitário, realizaram a pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção (EOAPD) e do efeito inibitório das EOAPD (EIEOA) na presença de ruído contralateral. Foram estabelecidas as medidas de correlação entre os resultados das EOAPD e do EIEOA com estágio Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y), dose diária de levodopa e tempo de diagnóstico da DP. Além disso, as medidas eletroacústicas foram comparadas entre os indivíduos sem DP e com DP, estratificados de acordo com a dose de levodopa administrada diariamente. Resultados Foi identificada correlação fraca e negativa entre a amplitude das EOAPD com a dose diária de levodopa e correlações positivas, de força moderada e fraca, entre o EIEOA com a dose diária de levodopa e o tempo de diagnóstico da DP, respectivamente. A amplitude das EOAPD foi maior nos indivíduos com DP em uso de levodopa ≤ 600 miligramas quando comparada à de indivíduos sem DP e com DP, em uso de dose superior. Já o EIEOA foi menor nos indivíduos em uso de doses ≤ 600 miligramas, quando comparado aos demais grupos. Conclusão Doses diárias de levodopa iguais ou inferiores a 600 mg/dia aumentam as respostas mecanotransdutoras cocleares nas frequências de 2 e 3 kHz, enquanto que a ação dos sistemas eferentes olivococleares é reduzida nesta região.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the effect of levodopa on cochlear dynamics and on the medial olivocochlear efferent pathway of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) individuals. Methods Individuals with and without PD, followed at a University Hospital, were submitted to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) and DPOAE Inhibitory Effect (OAEIE) in the presence of contralateral noise. Correlation measures between DPOAE and OAEIE results with Hoehn&Yahr (H&Y) stage, daily dose of levodopa and PD diagnosis period were established. Furthermore, electroacoustic measures were compared between individuals without and those with PD, stratified by dose of levodopa daily administered. Results Weak negative correlation between DPOAE amplitude and daily dose of levodopa was found, as well positive correlations between EIEOA with daily dose of levodopa and time of PD diagnosis, respectively. Higher DPOAE amplitude was found in individuals with PD using daily doses of levodopa ≤ 600 milligrams when compared to individuals without PD and those with PD using higher doses. EIEOA was lower in individuals using doses ≤ 600 milligrams, when compared to the other groups. Conclusion Daily doses of levodopa up to 600 mg / day increase the cochlear mechanical-transducer responses in 2 and 3 kHz frequencies, while the action of olivocochlear efferent systems is reduced in this region.

Alterações auditivas na esclerose sistêmica / Hearing alterations in systemic sclerosis

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica (ES), bem como verificar a evolução do quadro audiológico. Método Trata-se de estudo seccional, com uma fase prospectiva, realizado no período de 2012 e 2015, com pacientes com diagnóstico médico de ES. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, ano de início da doença, ano de diagnóstico e subtipo da enfermidade. Posteriormente, foram realizadas a anamnese audiológica, para identificação de queixas e sintomas e para a investigação de realização de audiometria pregressa ao estudo, e, em seguida, a avaliação audiológica básica. Resultados Participaram do estudo 50 indivíduos. Tontura e zumbido foram os sintomas mais frequentes. A perda auditiva foi identificada em 23 (46%) indivíduos, sendo a maioria do tipo sensorioneural, de grau e configurações variáveis. A análise dos limares auditivos obtidos na avaliação audiológica realizada em 2012 e, posteriormente, em 2015 indicou desencadeamento ou progressão da perda auditiva, com piora de 10dB na maioria das frequências avaliadas, sendo mais expressiva nas frequências agudas. Conclusão Elevada frequência de queixas e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com ES e desencadeamento e/ou progressão da perda auditiva naqueles que realizaram avaliação audiológica sequencial.

ABSTRACT Purpose Describe hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with systemic sclerosis (SS) and to verify the development of audiological manifestations. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a prospective phase, conducted in the period from 2012 to 2015, with patients with medical diagnosis of SS. Sociodemographic data, year of disease onset, year of diagnosis and disease subtype were collected. Later, audiological anamnesis was performed to identify complaints and symptoms and to investigate the performance of audiometry before the study and, after that, a basic audiological evaluation was conducted. Results Fifty individuals participated in the study. Dizziness and tinnitus were the most frequent symptoms. Hearing loss was identified in 23 (46%) individuals; most of them were of sensorineural type, of variable degrees and configurations. The analysis of hearing thresholds obtained in the audiological evaluation performed in 2012 and, later, in 2015, indicated onset or progression of hearing loss, with aggravation of 10dB in most frequencies evaluated, being more expressive in acute frequencies. Conclusion High rate of hearing complaints and alterations in individuals with SS and onset and/or progression of hearing loss in those who underwent serial audiological evaluation were observed.

Is there auditory impairment in Parkinson's disease? / Existe comprometimento do sistema auditivo na doença de Parkinson?

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the audiological profile of a group of patients with Parkinson's disease and to investigate the association between hearing loss and the disease. Methods: 50 individuals with and 46 without Parkinson's disease underwent Pure Tone Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions by Distortion Product, and auditory processing tests. The results of the patients were compared to those obtained in individuals without the disease, according to clinical and biological variables. Results: in individuals with Parkinson's disease, 82% presented hearing loss, 53.5% alterations in Otoacoustic Emissions by Distortion Product, 78%, alterations in temporal processing, and 12%, changes in binaural integration. Individuals with the disease had a greater impairment in the recognition of duration patterns when compared to those without the disease, with a worse performance in men and in individuals aged between 42 and 65 years old and Hoehn and Yahr I and II stages. Conclusions: the profile found corresponds to descending sensorineural hearing loss and alteration in otoacoustic emissions, temporal ordering and noise gaps detection.Only losses in temporal order are associated with the disease, especially in men, individuals under the age of 65 and in the initial stage.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o perfil audiológico de um grupo de pacientes com doença de Parkinson e investigar a associação entre alterações auditivas e a doença. Métodos: participaram 50 indivíduos com e 46 sem doença de Parkinson, submetidos a Audiometria Tonal Liminar, Emissões Otoacústicas por Produto de Distorção e testes de processamento auditivo. Os resultados dos pacientes foram comparados aos obtidos em indivíduos sem a doença, de acordo com variáveis clínicas e biológicas. Resultados: nos indivíduos com doença de Parkinson a perda auditiva foi identificada em 82% dos indivíduos, havendo alteração das emissões otoacusticas por Produto de Distorção em 53,5%, do processamento temporal em 78% e integração binaural em 12%. Os indivíduos com a doença apresentaram maior comprometimento no reconhecimento de padrões de duração quando comparados aos sem a doença, havendo pior desempenho nos homens e nos indivíduos com idade entre 42 e 65 anos e estágio Hoehn & Yahr I e II. Conclusões: o perfil encontrado corresponde à perda auditiva sensorioneural descendente e alteração nas emissões otoacústicas, na ordenação temporal e na detecção de gaps no ruído. Somente prejuízos na ordenação temporal estão associados com a doença, especialmente nos homens, indivíduos com idade menor que 65 anos e em estágio inicial.

Hearing handicap perception and hearing alterations in individuals with Parkinson's disease / Percepção do handicap auditivo e alterações auditivas em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the relationship between the perception of self-reported hearing impairment and the handicap with peripheral and central hearing alterations, in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Methods: individuals with Parkinson's disease were seen and evaluated at a reference outpatient clinic for the treatment of movement disorders, between April and August 2015. All of them underwent basic audiological evaluation and hearing processing tests. The hearing handicap assessment was performed using the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly. As for the analysis of the relationship between hearing handicap perception and audiological, clinical and demographic variables, individuals were considered with or without perception, according to their score. Results: thirty-three individuals, mostly males, with a mean age of 63.7 years, took part in the study. There was a high frequency (n = 31) of peripheral or central hearing alterations in the study population. However, only 14 reported some difficulty in hearing, eight not presenting hearing handicap perception, two having mild-moderate perception and four showing a significant perception. Conclusion: the perceptions of hearing difficulties and the handicap are not related to audiological alterations in individuals presented with Parkinson's disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a relação entre a percepção da dificuldade auditiva autorreferida e o handicap com as alterações audiológicas periféricas e centrais em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: foram avaliados indivíduos com doença de Parkinson, acompanhados em um Ambulatório de referência para tratamento de doenças de transtornos do movimento, entre abril e agosto de 2015. Todos realizaram avaliação audiológica básica e testes de processamento auditivo. A avaliação do handicap auditivo foi realizada com o questionário Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly. Para a análise da relação entre a percepção do handicap auditivo e as variáveis audiológicas, clínicas e demográficas, os indivíduos foram considerados com ou sem percepção, de acordo com a pontuação obtida. Resultados: participaram do estudo 33 indivíduos, a maioria do sexo masculino, com idade média de 63,7 anos. Verificou-se elevada frequência (n=31) de alterações audiológicas periféricas ou centrais na população estudada. Porém, apenas 14 referiram alguma dificuldade para ouvir. Destes, oito não apresentaram percepção do handicap auditivo, dois tiveram percepção leve-moderada e quatro revelaram percepção significante. Conclusão: a percepção de dificuldades auditivas e do handicap não se relaciona com alterações audiológicas em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson.

Retrocochlear impairments in systemic sclerosis: a case report study. / Alterações retrococleares na esclerose sistêmica: relato de casos.

PURPOSE: To report three cases of patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and retrocochlear impairments. METHODS: This is a case report of three individuals with SSc and retrocochlear impairments assisted at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. All individuals underwent Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and, when necessary, audiometry. RESULTS: All three individuals presented sensorineural hearing loss. Although no retrocochlear impairment was identified in the basic audiologic evaluation, the BAEP results were altered. CONCLUSION: Retrocochlear impairments were present in the individuals under study, both in the absolute latencies and interpeak interval, thereby demanding the attention of rheumatologists and speech-language pathologists to such changes during the monitoring of SSc patients. The results also show a need for epidemiological studies on the theme.

OBJETIVO: Relatar três casos de pacientes portadores de Esclerose Sistêmica e que apresentaram alterações retrococleares. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de relato de casos de três indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica e alteração retrococlear, acompanhados em um serviço de reumatologia. Todos os pacientes realizaram o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico e, quando necessário, nova audiometria. RESULTADOS: Todos os indivíduos apresentaram perda auditiva do tipo sensorioneural. Não foi identificado na avaliação audiológica básica qualquer resultado que sugerisse alteração retrococlear, porém o PEATE apresentou-se alterado. CONCLUSÃO: Pode-se concluir que o estudo revela alterações retrococleares nesta população, ocorrendo tanto nas latências absolutas quanto no intervalo interpico. E, neste contexto, reumatologistas e fonoaudiólogos, ao acompanharem pacientes com esclerose sistêmica, devem estar atentos para a possibilidade da ocorrência dessa alteração nessa população. Revela também, a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos sobre o tema.

Ear canal collapse prevalence and associated factors among users of a center of prevention and rehabilitation for disabilities / Prevalência e fatores associados ao colabamento do meato acústico externo entre usuários de um centro de prevenção e reabilitação de deficiências

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the prevalence of the ear canal collapse when using supra-aural earphones and to verify if this event is influenced by sex, age, color of the skin and prominent ear. Methods: the collapse was assessed by a visual inspection after the positioning of a detached cushion, pressured against the external ear. Results: a total of 436 individuals, aged 3 to 97 years, participated in the study. Ear canal collapse was observed in 11.4% of the subjects, being mostly bilateral (90.0%). The prevalence ranged from 6.3% to 36.6% across age groups. Males, aged 65 years or above and presence of prominent ear were independently identified as associated factors for the occurrence of ear canal collapse (p<0.05). Despite a higher prevalence for those self-identified as white skinned when compared to non-whites, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: the ear canal collapse, when supra-aural earphones are used, is more likely to occur in men, in elderly people, and among those with prominent ears. The prevalence of the event in this population raises the necessity of a careful examination, previous to any evaluation using supra-aural earphones.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a prevalência do colabamento do meato acústico externo quando utilizados fones supra-aurais e verificar se a ocorrência deste evento é influenciada pelos fatores sexo, idade, cor da pele e orelha em abano. Métodos: a pesquisa do colabamento foi conduzida de forma padronizada por meio do posicionamento de um coxim avulso, pressionado contra o pavilhão auricular. Resultados: participaram do estudo 436 indivíduos, com idade entre 3 e 97 anos. Foi observado colabamento do meato acústico externo em 11,4% dos indivíduos, apresentando-se de forma bilateral em 90,0% dos casos. A prevalência variou de 6,3% a 36,6% entre os grupos etários. Sexo masculino, idade igual ou superior a 65 anos e presença de orelha em abano foram identificados, independentemente, como fatores associados à ocorrência do evento (p<0,05). Apesar da prevalência do colabamento ser maior entre os que referem pele de cor branca, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante, comparando-se com os não brancos. Conclusão: o colabamento do meato acústico externo, quando utilizados fones supra-aurais, é um evento com maior ocorrência entre homens, idosos e aqueles que apresentam orelha em abano. A prevalência do evento nessa população alerta para a necessidade de uma cuidadosa verificação, prévia a qualquer avaliação com fones supra-aurais.

Alterações retrococleares na esclerose sistêmica: relato de casos / Retrocochlear impairments in systemic sclerosis: a case report study

RESUMO Objetivo Relatar três casos de pacientes portadores de Esclerose Sistêmica e que apresentaram alterações retrococleares. Método Trata-se de um estudo de relato de casos de três indivíduos com esclerose sistêmica e alteração retrococlear, acompanhados em um serviço de reumatologia. Todos os pacientes realizaram o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico e, quando necessário, nova audiometria. Resultados Todos os indivíduos apresentaram perda auditiva do tipo sensorioneural. Não foi identificado na avaliação audiológica básica qualquer resultado que sugerisse alteração retrococlear, porém o PEATE apresentou-se alterado. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que o estudo revela alterações retrococleares nesta população, ocorrendo tanto nas latências absolutas quanto no intervalo interpico. E, neste contexto, reumatologistas e fonoaudiólogos, ao acompanharem pacientes com esclerose sistêmica, devem estar atentos para a possibilidade da ocorrência dessa alteração nessa população. Revela também, a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT Purpose To report three cases of patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and retrocochlear impairments. Methods This is a case report of three individuals with SSc and retrocochlear impairments assisted at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. All individuals underwent Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and, when necessary, audiometry. Results All three individuals presented sensorineural hearing loss. Although no retrocochlear impairment was identified in the basic audiologic evaluation, the BAEP results were altered. Conclusion Retrocochlear impairments were present in the individuals under study, both in the absolute latencies and interpeak interval, thereby demanding the attention of rheumatologists and speech-language pathologists to such changes during the monitoring of SSc patients. The results also show a need for epidemiological studies on the theme.

Perda auditiva associada à exposição ocupacional a solventes orgânicos: uma revisão sistemática / Hearing loss associated with organic solvent exposure: a systematic review

Resumo Introdução: evidências apontam produtos químicos como agentes potencialmente otoneurotóxicos, todavia, ainda não há consenso quanto às associações entre as características das exposições e a ototoxicidade das diversas substâncias químicas presentes em ambientes laborais. Objetivo: revisar a literatura científica disponível, a fim de identificar estudos que apontem evidências de associação, ou não associação, entre dano auditivo e a exposição a solventes orgânicos. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura a partir da consulta a bases de dados eletrônicas, considerando artigos originais, publicados de janeiro de 1987 a fevereiro de 2013. Resultados: trinta e um estudos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Discussão: os estudos confirmaram a exposição a determinados solventes como fator de risco para perda auditiva de origem ocupacional, sobretudo na presença do ruído. Foram utilizados métodos variados de avaliação e classificação do desfecho coclear e/ou central, que contribuíram para a compreensão da extensão da perda auditiva induzida quimicamente, bem como com a identificação dos grupos populacionais susceptíveis. Contudo, dados sobre procedimentos diagnósticos adequados, níveis seguros e efeito dose-resposta da exposição química ainda não foram totalmente elucidados.

Abstract Introduction: evidences indicate chemicals as potentially otoneurotoxic agents; however, there is no consensus as to the associations between exposure characteristics and the ototoxicity of different chemicals present in industrial environments. Objective: to review the available scientific literature in order to identify studies that point to evidence of association, or non-association, between hearing impairment and occupational exposure to organic solvents. Method: systematic review of the literature, through query on electronic databases, considering only original articles, published from January 1987 to February 2013. Results: thirty-one studies were included in the systematic review. Discussion: studies have confirmed exposure to certain solvents as a risk factor for occupational hearing loss, especially in the presence of noise. Various assessment and classification methods were used regarding cochlear and/or central hearing impairment, contributing to the understanding of the extent of chemical-induced hearing loss as well as to the identification of populations at risk. However, data on appropriate diagnostic procedures, safe levels of chemical exposure and dose-response effect have not yet been fully elucidated.

Auditory and vestibular dysfunctions in systemic sclerosis: literature review.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of auditory and vestibular dysfunction in individuals with systemic sclerosis (SS) and the hypotheses to explain these changes. RESEARCH STRATEGY: We performed a systematic review without meta-analysis from PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, SciELO and SCOPUS databases, using a combination of keywords "systemic sclerosis AND balance OR vestibular" and "systemic sclerosis AND hearing OR auditory." SELECTION CRITERIA: We included articles published in Portuguese, Spanish, or English until December 2011 and reviews, letters, and editorials were excluded. We found 254 articles, out of which 10 were selected. DATA ANALYSIS: The study design was described, and the characteristics and frequency of the auditory and vestibular dysfunctions in these individuals were listed. Afterwards, we investigated the hypothesis built by the authors to explain the auditory and vestibular dysfunctions in SS. RESULTS: Hearing loss was the most common finding, with prevalence ranging from 20 to 77%, being bilateral sensorineural the most frequent type. It is hypothesized that the hearing impairment in SS is due to vascular changes in the cochlea. The prevalence of vestibular disorders ranged from 11 to 63%, and the most frequent findings were changes in caloric testing, positional nystagmus, impaired oculocephalic response, changes in clinical tests of sensory interaction, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of auditory and vestibular dysfunctions in patients with SS was observed. Conducting further research can assist in early identification of these abnormalities, provide resources for professionals who work with these patients, and contribute to improving the quality of life of these individuals.

Risk factors associated with vestibular nerve schwannomas.

INTRODUCTION: Vestibular nerve schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates in the sheath of Schwann of the eighth cranial nerve. It is considered one of the most common benign intracranial tumors, and its cause is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors associated with vestibular nerve schwannomas. METHODS: A hospital-based exploratory case-control study was conducted between 2006 and 2010 in 2 municipalities in the northeast region of Brazil. We included individuals with unilateral vestibular nerve schwannomas confirmed by imaging. The controls, selected from the same institutions as the cases, exhibited unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus and had undergone investigatory examinations similar to those of the cases, but the presence of tumor had been excluded. A pretested structured questionnaire, administered by trained interviewers who were blind to the condition of the individual being interviewed, was used to obtain sociodemographic data and data on potential risk factor exposure. We performed a multivariate analysis using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients with vestibular nerve schwannomas and 104 controls participated in the study. A history of chicken pox (odds ratio, 6.59; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-20.9) and the exposure to more than 1 cranial x-ray procedure (odds ratio, 4.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-19.2) were identified as potential risk factors. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study brings new hypotheses to be tested and thus works toward clarifying the causes and mechanisms involved in the cause and development of vestibular nerve schwannoma.

Risk factors associated with vestibulocochlear nerve schwannoma: systematic review.

UNLABELLED: The vestibulocochlear nerve schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that stems from the edge of the Schwann s sheath. It is considered the most frequent intracranial benign tumor, of low lethality rate and unknown etiology. AIM: to identify risk factors associated with VS. STUDY DESIGN: systematic review. METHODS: electronic search of studies using the following key words: 'risk', 'schwannoma', 'vestibular', 'neuroma' and 'acoustic'. All original articles on epidemiological studies published in Portuguese, English or Spanish describing measures of association were included. RESULTS: twenty case-control studies were found, most of them published in the United States. The analysis of those studies shows educational level, household income, occupation, exposure to ionizing radiation and noise, allergic diseases as well as the use of both cellular and cordless phones as risk factors for the VS. CONCLUSION: methodological limitations and lack of precision in the findings impose limits to definitive conclusions concerning those risk factors. The current study contributes with information which can subsidize decisions related to the methodology to be used, having in mind new investigations on risk factors for VS. Therefore, it is of great help for knowledge improvement in this field.